{"id":12565,"date":"2021-02-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/nieuws\/national-security-programming-for-chinas-new-generation\/"},"modified":"2021-02-10T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T23:00:00","slug":"national-security-programming-for-chinas-new-generation","status":"publish","type":"nieuws","link":"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/en\/news\/national-security-programming-for-chinas-new-generation\/","title":{"rendered":"National security programming for China\u2019s new generation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In its latest bid to entrench securitization, the Chinese government has released guidelines to politically train an entire new generation of vigilant guards across China. Serving Chinese President Xi Jinping\u2019s use of China\u2019s national security as a justification for draconian security measures, the Ministry of Education issued a national security education guideline in September 2020 for implementation across the country. The more recent national security education guideline issued in Hong Kong on Feb. 4, 2021, which received global coverage, is part of the Central Education Ministry\u2019s diktat. As per the Hong Kong education bureau\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edb.gov.hk\/attachment\/tc\/sch-admin\/national-security\/specific-measures.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">guideline<\/a>, even children as young as six years old will have to learn and guard against \u201csecession, subversion, terrorism, and foreign countries and external elements endangering national security.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Xi\u2019s propensity toward hard-line policies has led to a variety of measures building up China as a one-party national security state since Xi took office in 2012. In an April 2020 commentary, the Chinese state media outlet People\u2019s Daily encapsulated the current thinking of Chinese leadership to \u201cbuild a great steel wall of national security.\u201d The 56-page education diktat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/srcsite\/A26\/s8001\/202010\/t20201027_496805.html\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cGuidelines for National Security Education in Universities, Junior high schools and Primary Schools,\u201d<\/a> issued by the Ministry of Education in September 2020, seeks to integrate national security education into the country\u2019s education system. While the leaked <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/document-9-chinafile-translation\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Document Number Nine<\/a> (Communiqu\u00e9 on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere) during the early years of Xi\u2019s rule dealt with western ideals as threats to China, this education diktat, which is to be implemented in schools in China, lays emphasis on threats within the country as the primary threat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2-890x467.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10661\"\/><figcaption><em>Screengrab from the Hong Kong Education Bureau\u2019s national security video for primary children<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Included in the educational guidelines for students, among pages of warnings about hostile foreign and domestic threats, are the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The situation of the anti-separatist struggle remains grim;<br>-The nature of the anti-separatist struggle is long-term, complex, and acute<br>-The threats constituted by \u201cTaiwan Independence,\u201d \u201cTibet Independence,\u201d \u201cEast Turkestan,\u201d \u201cHong Kong Independence,\u201d and other separatist activities.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beijing\u2019s broadly defined \u201cOverall National Security Concept\u201d and the application of heavy-handed national security laws are not only designed for the current climate of repression. They are also all set to be programmed into the mindset of China\u2019s new generation through the \u201cGuidelines for National Security Education.\u201d The Ministry of Education of China states that the guidelines implement the central government\u2019s proposal to strengthen \u201cnational security education\u201d in the schools and related regulations of the \u201cNational Security Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China.\u201d It is to be carried out in accordance with the national security legal framework that includes the National Security Law of the PRC, the Anti-Terrorism Law of the PRC, the Anti-Intelligence Law of the PRC, the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, and the Education Law of the PRC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Besides the National People\u2019s Congress in 2015 designating April 15 every year as National Security Education Day, the new Guidelines systematically integrate national security into the country\u2019s education system. With the national education system as the means, the Guideline is a systematic approach to implant the notion in the minds of China\u2019s new generation that the country faces existential threats internally as well as externally. It entrenches the notion that China faces hostile forces primarily within its borders as well as external forces that are bent on destroying the motherland and the Chinese people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By systematically integrating national security in the country\u2019s education system, the Chinese Communist Party seeks to instill a hostile mindset against Tibetans and Uyghurs as ethnic separatists in the minds of Chinese youth by including topics on \u201cseparatist and extreme activities by ethnic separatist forces and religious extremist forces,\u201d \u201canti-secession struggle,\u201d and \u201cthreats from separatist activities such as \u2026Tibet independence, East Turkistan movement\u2026\u201d The Guidelines portrays minorities like Tibetans and Uyghurs as dangerous and untrustworthy. The minorities are implied to be dangerous threats to homeland security who threaten territorial integrity, national unity, political stability, social order and the overthrow of the Communist regime by working with \u201cseparatists forces\u201d inside and outside the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The minorities are also posited as threats to political security through infiltration, secession, subversion and other hostile activities. On cultural security, they are implied to bring external ideological infiltration and negative cultural erosion. These supposed threats serve as justification for strengthening traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture and \u201cadvanced socialist culture.\u201d Minorities are also implied as a threat to social security due to protests, \u201cviolent terrorist activities\u201d and new types of illegal crimes. On ecological security, minorities like Tibetans are portrayed as bringing ecological destruction, as the state has labeled Tibetan herders in the past as ecological migrants who must be made sedentary to protect the ecology of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central implication of these Guidelines is that the nationalistic sentiments and racial prejudice of the new generation of Chinese youth will be compounded. Through the formal education system, youth in the PRC will be pedagogically trained to hold strong to Chinese nation building. The national security curriculum is full of bias against minorities in the peripheries, alerting Chinese youth to be wary of secessionist ethnic minorities who need to be tamed for the protection of the motherland. Since racial nationalism was crucial in Beijing\u2019s consolidation of control in Tibet and decades-long implementation of hardline policies since 1959, ethnic prejudice and racism are bound to be continued and aggravated in China\u2019s new generation subjected to the national security education guideline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">National securitization of China under Xi Jinping<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mao Zedong\u2019s China was built on Marxist-Leninist ideology and the police-state model. Mao shaped Chinese society to suspect and police everyone in one\u2019s vicinity, both domestic and foreign. Securitization was Mao\u2019s policy prescription to forcibly govern everyone under his rule. Post-Mao Chinese leaders overturned many of the revolutionary leader\u2019s policies in light of the destruction caused by Mao\u2019s misdiagnosis of policy issues. However, Xi\u2019s leadership is rolling back the public space in favor of securitization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">China under Xi has made a profound turn toward national security, even though no single, seminal shock triggered this turn, according to Professor Tai Ming Cheung of University of California, San Diego. He wrote that with little public or internal debate, Xi \u201cstealthily moved to undertake a far-reaching adjustment of the country\u2019s national security posture.\u201d The steady buildup of a national security party-state was officially first indicated in the communique of the Third Plenum of the Eighteenth Party Congress in 2013. The institutionalization of the \u201cCentral National Security Commission\u201d and adoption of the \u201cOverall National Security Concept\u201d in 2014 followed the Eighteenth Party Congress. This was followed by the unveiling of the National Security Strategy in 2015 and legislation of national security regulations and laws. The new move requiring the incorporation of national security in China\u2019s education system is the latest in a series of measures to consolidate China gradually and steadily as a national security party-state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">National security as a concept is not unique to Xi\u2019s rule. The revised Criminal Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China in 1997 contained an entire chapter for penal codes on \u201cCrimes of Endangering National Security.\u201d Under this legal chapter, numerous Tibetan activists have been incarcerated for exercising their freedoms and rights activism. However, Xi\u2019s adoption of the \u201cOverall National Security Concept\u201d has further broadened and aggravated the vague concept of national security, instead of narrowing it to specific threats in accordance with international law. This is problematic, as national security as a highly expansionist political-ideological construct means anything that the government of China deems as a risk its power, irrespective of whether the challenges to the party\u2019s oppressive governance are legitimate or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cheung, the University of California, San Diego professor, wrote in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prcleader.org\/cheung\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Chinese National Security State Emerges from the Shadows to Center Stage<\/a> that according to Xi\u2019s reconceptualization of national security, \u201cthe most dangerous threats are not external but internal, not traditional but non-traditional, not geostrategic but political, and not in the here and now but emerging.\u201d Such a perception reinforces the Chinese leadership\u2019s decades-long absolute stance that the \u201cethnic minorities\u201d and the peripheral regions to mainland China are central threats that could cause the implosion of the People\u2019s Republic of China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The relative liberty that existed during the reform and opening era and development as the predominant policy has undergone changes in China under Xi. Xi reaffirmed his elevation of security policy during the Politburo Study Session on National Security in December 2020. In formulating <a href=\"https:\/\/tv.cctv.com\/2020\/12\/12\/VIDESfzRHZ8Kluo3GxMPnMzp201212.shtml?spm=C31267.PFsKSaKh6QQC.S71105.3\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ten requirements for the implementation of Overall National Security Concept<\/a>, Xi laid out the fourth requirement as paying equal attention to development and security to achieve high-quality development and high-level security. He called for consideration of more security factors in development to achieve balance between development and security to comprehensively improve national security. In the early years of his rule, Xi catapulted security policy to put it on par with development policy on his belief that China should preempt danger during peacetime to avoid a similar fate as the former Soviet Union\u2019s implosion in 1991, according to Cheung. Ideological purification and a proactive approach in shaping China\u2019s security environment are Xi\u2019s policy prescriptions for China to withstand the complexities of challenges to the CCP and to ensure regime survival for the decades to come.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The new generation of Chinese becomes the apparent target to indoctrinate with national security education to ensure generational impacts in wading through complex challenges for the CCP regime. Integrating national security education in China\u2019s education system cements the status of the CCP as the sole security guarantor of China and the Chinese people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Political programming of China\u2019s new generation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \u201cGuidelines for National Security Education in Universities, High Schools, Junior High Schools and Primary Schools\u201d integrates ideological and political courses at all levels of schools across China. The 56-pages guidelines are \u201cbased on the overall national security concept as the principle\u201d for a systematic national security education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">National security education is to be incorporated into the curriculum from primary school through university education, with the incremental introduction of national security from concepts and consciousness at the primary school level to the destiny of the Chinese nation and the state at the university level. According to the guidelines, the goals of the ideological and political curriculum of \u201cNational Security Education\u201d has focus areas at different levels of schools in the country. For elementary schools, the national security education will \u201cfocus on establishing the concept of the state and enlighten[ing] national security awareness.\u201d For junior high schools, it will \u201cfocus on understanding the relationship between individuals and the state and enhance national security awareness.\u201d At the high school level, it will focus on \u201cunderstanding the relationship between the well-being of the people and the state and establish an overall view of national security.\u201d At the college level, it will \u201cfocus on understanding the relationship between the destiny of the Chinese nation and the country, and practice the overall state Security concept.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The guidelines require schools and universities to launch courses on national interest in various spheres, threats to national security and the means to safeguard national interests, according to state media outlet Xinhua in a report on Oct 28, 2020. The guidelines call for in-class study to be supplemented by lectures and experiential learning in national security and taking advantage of educational venues, professional institutions and businesses related to national security for students to engage in national security matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the Guidelines, the Party Committee at the provincial level will lead the national security education agenda. The provincial education department in coordination with other departments provides overall guidance for local national security education. Relevant departments at the county level are responsible for implementing the program and supervising primary and secondary schools\u2019 national security education and teaching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">National security education covers 12 key fields on politics, land, military, economy, culture, society, science and technology, network, ecology, resources, nuclear, and overseas interests, as well as security in four new fields on space, deep sea, polar region and biology. Among the topics, the purpose and content of the courses offered for national security education in the seven fields of politics, land, military, economy, culture, society, and the Internet are directly related to the affairs of minorities in the peripheries like Tibetans and Uyghurs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In its latest bid to entrench securitization, the Chinese government has released guidelines to politically train an entire new generation of vigilant guards across China.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":12566,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categorie":[691],"news_tag":[674],"class_list":["post-12565","nieuws","type-nieuws","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","categorie-news","news_tag-chinese-policy-and-leadership"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>National security programming for China\u2019s new generation - 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