Driven by concern for extensive animal suffering caused by the meat industry, prominent Tibetan Buddhist teachers have appealed to Tibetan herders not to participate in such large, industrialized efforts, which has led to the birth of an anti-slaughter or slaughter renunciation movement in contemporary Tibet.[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tibetans herders are not traditionally vegetarians, as for more than 8,000 years, they have relied on breeding yaks for sustenance\u2013using the animals to get meat, milk, hair and leather\u2013to survive on the harsh climate of the Tibetan Plateau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, since the early 1990s, following China\u2019s policy of economic reform, the Chinese government has promoted the establishment in Tibet of slaughtering businesses owned mostly by Chinese or Hui Muslims in the name of \u201cpoverty alleviation.\u201d Facing increasing pressure to supply their livestock to the slaughtering businesses, Tibetan herders have been selling hundreds of thousands of yaks to the Chinese and Hui middlemen, who transport the livestock to urban markets every year. In some areas, local authorities bully the herders to \u201cdonate\u201d their livestock to the slaughterhouses on a per household basis.[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n As a counter to the increasing number of commercial slaughterhouses in eastern Tibet, and to Tibetans becoming market subjects in China\u2019s economic reform, Tibetan Buddhist teachers have led the revival of religious sentiments in recent times by launching social initiatives to resist the commodification of animals for meat production.[4]<\/sup> Ethnographer Gaerrang observed that the resurgence of religious sentiments in contemporary Tibet against slaughtering animals is stronger than in the years before 1958.[5]<\/sup> China began its occupation of Tibet in 1959 after it spent most of the previous decade slowly gaining control of the country and forcing the Dalai Lama and many Tibetans into exile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since the Chinese government views expressions of Tibetans\u2019 cultural identity as resistance to state-mandated neoliberal economic policy, the anti-slaughter movement is seen as challenging state power. For years, state law enforcement and local government authorities have cracked down on Tibetan Buddhist teachers and anti-slaughter movement activists in Tibet.[6]<\/sup> The national action against \u201cunderworld forces\u201d launched in 2018 sought to pin down the activists and curb the influence of the anti-slaughter movement.[7]<\/sup> The rationale of the campaign is simple: anyone obstructing state development projects is challenging state power and authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Increasing beef consumption in China has led authorities to integrate yak herding into the market economy. It has also led China to import beef from countries like Brazil, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and others. China is a net importer of beef from other countries despite ranking third in the world for beef production.[8]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n To increase domestic beef production, Chinese authorities have industrialized beef to transform traditional practices. Industrialization meant the presence of large-scale slaughtering enterprises in Tibet to tap into its livestock capital. Tibetan yaks have been seen as a supply solution to meet the growing demand for meat in compact Chinese heartland towns and cities. Provincial commerce departments facilitate large conferences for Chinese businesses to discuss and coordinate cold chain transportation of animal products from Tibetan areas to bridge the gap between supplies from their place of origin and demands from their place of consumption.[9]<\/sup> The enterprises also participate in large-scale shopping fairs to sell their meat products far and wide within China and globally.[10]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n State-funded animal husbandry research centers were also tasked to produce new breeds of yak that are better suited for large-scale intensive breeding in the cold and arid alpine areas of the Tibetan Plateau. One such new breed is the Ashidan yak produced by the Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Chinese state media news outlet Xinhua was not shy in claiming that the yak \u201c\u2026 is expected to help herdsmen on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the \u2018roof of the world,\u2019 out of poverty.\u201d[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yaks, or simply \u201cwealth on hooves,\u201d as the nomads put it, are in abundance on the Tibetan Plateau. More than 14 million yaks, accounting for 94% of the world\u2019s yak population, live on the plateau. More than one-third of the yak population, or 5 million yaks, live in the Tibetan region that is the source of three great rivers of Asia: the Machu (Yellow), the Drichu (Yangtze) and the Dzachu (Mekong). The Tibetan areas in Gansu province have the fifth largest pastoral areas, with 900,000 yaks in 1997.[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n China Daily, another state media outlet, reported in October 2018 that Kanlho (Gannan) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu province produced 79,000 tons of meat products in 2017.[13]<\/sup> The same report revealed that the added value of animal husbandry at 2.2 billion yuan in 2017 was a 20% increase over three years. In the neighboring Tibetan areas in Qinghai province, Qinghai Daily covered the scale of the yak meat industry. According to a report from Qinghai Daily, Qinghai province accounts for about one quarter of total beef and mutton production in China.[14]<\/sup> About 100,000 tons of yak meat and mutton are sold outside the province annually. With more than 500 processing enterprises and 11 national-level leading enterprises engaged in yak meat, milk and wool production, more than 200 types of products are made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yak slaughter plants have also been constructed in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibet Satellite TV News Network reported that a \u201cmodern and most advanced\u201d Lhasa Damshung Slaughter plant financed by Tibet Financial Leasing Co. started trial operation in Damshung (Dangxiong) County in October 2019.[15]<\/sup> Another slaughterhouse owned by Tibet Shengjia Food Development Co. in Chushul (Qushui) County was reported to specialize in integrating food processing technology research and development, cattle and sheep slaughter, cold storage, division and sales, livestock byproduct sales and logistics distribution, according to a Tibet Business Daily report.[16]<\/sup> Quoting the Tibet Autonomous Region Animal Health and Plant Quarantine Supervision Institute, the report states that 36,150 livestock and poultry were slaughtered in the first quarter of 2019. In 2017, China Daily reported that the TAR produced 190,400 tons of yak meat; an increase of 10,400 tons compared to 2016.[17]<\/sup> In other words, 583,800 yaks were slaughtered in the TAR alone in 2017.[<\/sup><\/a>1<\/sup>8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Qinghai Kekexili Industrial Development Group Co., Qinghai Northwest Jiao Group and Qinghai 5369 Ecological Animal Husbandry Technology Co. are some of the leading enterprises producing yak meat products in Qinghai province. Some of these businesses\u2019 yak meat products are reproduced below for illustration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tibetan Buddhist teachers counter the increasing commodification of animals for meat production. This trend has concerned the Tibetan Buddhist teachers for a long time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Scholar Geoffrey Barstow argues that the earliest interventions of religious teachers against eating meat in Tibet date back to the 11th and 12th centuries and to the Indian Buddhist scholar Ati\u015ba; his Tibetan disciple Dromt\u00f6n Gyelw\u00e9 Jungn\u00e9; the Tibetan B\u00f6n master Met\u00f6n Sherab \u00d6zer; and the Tibetan Buddhist monk Pakmodrupa and his two primary disciples, Jigten Sumg\u00f6n and Taklung Tangpa.[19]<\/sup> Met\u00f6n Sherab \u00d6zer, in critiquing meat consumption in his \u201cVinaya Compendium,\u201d taught:<\/p>\n\n\n\n By definition, this thing called \u201cmeat\u201d comes from the killing of animals. Being without mercy sends one to hell. With great regret, abandon eating it. This thing called \u201cmeat\u201d comes from a father and a mother. These are its causes and conditions. If you saw this with your eyes, you would tremble with fear. How pitiful it would be to take it in your hands! Just smelling it brings on nausea. Once it is tasted by the tongue, how can it be kept down? For these reasons, it should be abandoned.[20]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n In recent times, Tibetan Buddhist leaders have used their moral authority to initiate a slaughter renunciation movement to encourage Tibetan nomads to stop selling their livestock to the commercial slaughterhouses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Most notable among the teachers in the movement was the late Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok (1993-2004) of the Larung Gar Buddhist Institute, who first initiated it in 2000.[21]<\/sup> Tibetan herders are predominantly Buddhist by religion, and Khenpo\u2019s tremendous influence on them made a profound impact on the meat industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ethnographer Gaerrang Kabzung noted that during a teaching in 2000, Khenpo described the horrific conditions inside the slaughterhouses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Inside of some local slaughter buildings the scene is similar to what we imagine as the town of death, full of terrifying noises including the sound of machines used to process meat, the sound from sliced throats, the sound of running blood, and moos of livestock in a deadly panic. Some yaks were too frightened to go inside the building, so butchers have to pull their eyes out so that they would become easier to move into the building\u2026once they are in the building, a machine with lifting hook would bring a hind leg of the yaks into the air; when a butcher slices the throat of yaks, hot blood and cud eject out of the throat while the yaks are struggling with no hope of survival, but before they are totally dead, their skins are striped off and the innards removed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Eleven years later, the Tibetan writer and activist Tsering Woeser described similar terrors in a blog post:<\/p>\n\n\n\n My friend said that he had once witnessed the modern industrialised slaughtering methods. The workers simply use their fingers to push some central button and two metal racks which had been open suddenly close in, hereby clutching a yak of an enormous size so that it cannot move anymore; once more, the workers use their fingers to press some button and the wedged yak is suddenly being lifted into mid-air and its body is turned around. What follows is a machine initiating the slaughtering process, which happens in an instant, an entire living yak is being dismembered, flesh with flesh and bones with bones. My friend said that when the yak was being turned around he saw big teardrops coming from the animal\u2019s eyes. Tibetans are of course also killing yaks, but only in limited numbers, and never like those processing plants engaging in continuous killings on a daily basis. Seeing the blood that flows out of the factory colouring the grasslands red, smelling the blood coming out of the factory saturating the air, of course the Tibetans in Mani Gego cannot keep quiet.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Besides using the Buddhist philosophy of accumulating negative karma to persuade the herders not to sell their livestock to slaughterhouses\u2014and through the notion, linked to Buddhist ideas of reincarnation, that an animal could be your mother in a previous life\u2014Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok also showed the herders that sinful business activity has never brought economic prosperity in Tibet. He taught,<\/p>\n\n\n\n from a this-worldly perspective, the business involved with killing will never bring economic improvement. I personally have never seen any middlemen, who do the livestock trading business between Tibetan pastoral areas and nearby Chinese cities, make money from their sinful business. I saw many slaughterhouses in Tibet that have slaughtered millions of livestock for many years go bankrupt one after another.[22]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n After Khenpo passed away, his students, primarily Khenpo Tsultrim Lodoe, continued the initiative. Initially launched in Serthar (Seda) county in eastern Tibet, the slaughter renunciation movement resonated with herders and quickly gained momentum all across the Tibetan Plateau. In studying \u201cThe case of the disappearance of Tibetan sheep from the village of Charo in the eastern Tibetan plateau,\u201d ethnographer Ga Errang notes that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Though the Tibetan herders in this village (Charo village in Dawa County in Sichuan province) did not participate in the movement (anti-slaughter movement) directly, nor did the lamas in the village teach them to do so, their exposure to the general atmosphere of religious revival in some areas has nevertheless led them to become more aware of Buddhist norms, such as sin, karma and compassion, in their everyday life.[23]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n Unlike the traditional Buddhist ritual of \u201ctsethar\u201d (life liberation) involving freeing a small number of animals from the brink of death, the slaughter renunciation movement required herders to refrain from selling off their livestock to the slaughterhouses for at least a fixed number of years or for one\u2019s entire life. Herders heeding the words of the Buddhist teachers brought about a dramatic decrease in the number of livestock available to the slaughtering enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Multiple incidents involving the slaughterhouses or related to them became prominent. By and large, the incidents were peaceful, but a few turned violent as either Tibetan herders burned down slaughterhouses or the police fired live ammunition on Tibetan herders who clashed with slaughterhouse owners.[24]<\/sup> Chinese authorities also began targeting any Tibetans involved in liberating animals from imminent slaughter. An incident widely reported was the authorities\u2019 arrest of three monks from Golok in eastern Tibet in mid-2013 after they saved 300 yaks from slaughter.[25]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Authorities have issued legal measures penalizing Tibetans active in the anti-slaughter and tsethar movement. For example, Malho Prefecture\u2019s \u201cTwenty Illegal Activities Related to Tibet Independence,\u201d issued on Feb. 12, 2015, conflated anti-slaughter or life liberation movements with separatism. Article 20 in the illegal activities stipulated that Tibetans \u201cobstructing the \u2018killing or selling of livestock\u2019 [policy], forcibly \u201cliberating [the animal\u2019s] life,\u201d would be deemed as \u201cseparatist\u201d and dealt with as such under the law.[26]<\/sup> Similarly, the Chamdo Prefecture \u201cNotification on Striking Hard and Eliminating Illegal Organizations and Illegal Activity by Social Organizations According to Law,\u201d issued on March 20, 2014, outlawed the anti-slaughter movement. Article 10 in the law stipulated that the anti-slaughter activists advocating \u201cstop animal slaughter\u201d and \u201cstop eating meat\u201d will be punished under article 276 of the criminal code, which could be imprisonment for three years or more.[27]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n The launch of the broad, three-year national action against \u201cunderworld forces\u201d in 2018 also targeted Tibetans expressing their opinion on eating meat or participating in the anti-slaughter movement. While this campaign focuses on mafia activities in mainland Chinese provinces, it is also used to suppress social initiatives like slaughter renunciation in Tibet. The campaign against \u201cunderworld forces\u201d targets anyone perceived by the government as disrupting economic order and endangering government authority.[28]<\/sup> In a widely publicized trial of 10 Tibetans in Sangchu (Xiahe) County in Gansu province, the county court, after two days of trial on June 28-29 of this year, sentenced the 10 Tibetans to lengthy prison terms (eight to 13 years) for their objection to a slaughterhouse in their home area.[29]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n The proliferation of commercial slaughterhouses in Tibet has a negative impact on Tibetan culture and ethos. The rigorous promotion of slaughter enterprises goes against the herders\u2019 traditional practice of sustainable, needs-based animal slaughter that evolved on the Tibetan Plateau over thousands of years. Although the anti-slaughter movement is an expression of Tibetan ethos, it is viewed by the Chinese government as obstructing development projects and challenging the state\u2019s power and authority to \u201cmodernize\u201d Tibetan society. Despite political and legal measures adopted by the state, the slaughter renunciation movement has resonated with Tibetan herders all across the Tibetan plateau. The movement goes on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Footnotes:<\/strong> In recent decades, the Chinese government\u2019s policy of establishing large commercial slaughterhouses in Tibet has faced increasing resistance by Tibetan herders and Buddhist leaders. The anti-slaughter movement activists face repression, intimidation and imprisonment for their opposition to the growth of slaughterhouses in their home area.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categorie":[45,691],"news_tag":[670],"class_list":["post-12494","nieuws","type-nieuws","status-publish","hentry","categorie-inside-tibet","categorie-news","news_tag-culture-and-religion"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/91e9aa57-75b1-47f0-9b9d-e6ab30f27e7b.jpeg\")
Yak beef for China proper\u2019s diet<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Chinese enterprises make \u201cpoverty alleviation\u201d yak meat products<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/SF-Cold-Chain-1200x799-1-890x593.jpg\")
Chinese enterprises and their \u201cpoverty alleviation\u201d products<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2-Photo-credit-Qingling.com_.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Photo-credit-Qingling.com_.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/3photo-credit-qingling.com_.jpg\")
Tibetan Buddhist teachers challenge the meat industry<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Lack of economic benefit for Tibetans<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Khenpo-Jigme-Phuntsok-Photo-courtesy-Terton-Sogyal-Trust.jpg\")
Photo credit: Terton Sogyal Trust<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nOutlawing the anti-slaughter movement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Vegetarianism-promotional-flyer-photographed-near-Samye-Tibet-in-2011-Radio-Free-Asia.jpeg\")
Slaughter renunciation movement goes on<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
[1]<\/strong> Gaerrang (Kabzung), \u201cContested Understandings of Yaks on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Market Logic, Tibetan Buddhism and Indigenous Knowledge,\u201d Area 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 526\u201332.
[2]<\/strong> Geoffrey Barstow, \u201cEpilogue: Contemporary Tibet,\u201d in Food of Sinful Demons: Meat, Vegetarianism, and the Limits of Buddhism in Tibet (Columbia University Press, 2017), 312 Pages.: 193-194.
[3]<\/strong> \u201c\u2018No One Has the Liberty to Refuse\u2019: Tibetan Herders Forcibly Relocated in Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and the Tibet Autonomous Region,\u201d accessed August 24, 2020, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/2007\/tibet0607\/<\/a> : 68.
[4]<\/strong> Gaerrang Kabzung, \u201cALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU: THE CASE OF THE SLAUGHTER RENUNCIATION MOVEMENT\u201d (PhD thesis, University of Colorado, 2012), https:\/\/scholar.colorado.edu\/downloads\/vm40xr68c<\/a>.
[5]<\/strong> Gaerrang, \u201cThe Case of the Disappearance of Tibetan Sheep from the Village of Charo in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan Pastoralists\u2019 Decisions, Economic Calculations, and Religious Beliefs,\u201d \u00c9tudes Mongoles et Sib\u00e9riennes, Centrasiatiques et Tib\u00e9taines, no. 50 (March 4, 2019), http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/emscat\/3881<\/a> : 13.
[6]<\/strong> \u201cThree Tibetan Monks Detained for Freeing Yaks Headed to Slaughter,\u201d Radio Free Asia, accessed August 25, 2020, https:\/\/www.rfa.org\/english\/news\/tibet\/yaks-02192014162424.html<\/a>. \u201cChina: Fears for Tibetan Slaughterhouse Detainees,\u201d Human Rights Watch, March 30, 2006, https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2006\/03\/30\/china-fears-tibetan-slaughterhouse-detainees<\/a>.
[7]<\/strong> \u201cTibetan Land Protesters Get Lengthy Jail Terms in Action Against Gansu Slaughterhouse,\u201d Radio Free Asia, accessed August 25, 2020, https:\/\/www.rfa.org\/english\/news\/tibet\/lengthy-07152020182018.html<\/a>.
[8]<\/strong> Xiang Zi Li, Chang Guo Yan, and Lin Sen Zan, \u201cCurrent Situation and Future Prospects for Beef Production in China \u2014 A Review,\u201d Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 31, no. 7 (July 2018): 984\u201391.
[9]<\/strong> \u201cQinghai Beef & Mutton Production-Marketing Internet Conference Ended Successfully,\u201d accessed August 15, 2020, https:\/\/www.sf-express.com\/cn\/en\/news\/detail\/Qinghai-Beef-Mutton-Production-Marketing-Internet-Conference-ended-successfully\/<\/a>.
[10]<\/strong> \u201cShopping Fair in Sichuan Gathers Global Goods \u2013 Headlines, Features, Photo and Videos from Ecns.Cn|china|news|chinanews|ecns|cns,\u201d accessed August 16, 2020, http:\/\/www.ecns.cn\/2014\/01-16\/97321.shtml<\/a>.
[11]<\/strong> \u201cNewly-Bred Yaks Help Herders on \u2018Roof of World\u2019 out of Poverty \u2013 Xinhua | English.News.Cn,\u201d accessed August 19, 2020, http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2019-07\/01\/c_138189324.htm<\/a>.
[12]<\/strong> \u201cPart 1 Yak Production in Six Provinces (Regions) in China by Han Jianlin,\u201d accessed August 19, 2020, http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ad347e\/ad347e0n.htm<\/a>.
[13]<\/strong> \u5b8b\u8587, \u201cGansu\u2019s Gannan: Harmony in Paradise \u2013 Chinadaily.Com.Cn,\u201d accessed August 3, 2020, http:\/\/global.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201810\/16\/WS5bc53212a310eff303282861.html<\/a>.
[14]<\/strong> Tan Mei, \u201c\u5934\u7266\u725b\u7684\u81ea\u8ff0 (The Narrative of a Yak),\u201d Qinghai Daily, April 22, 2020, https:\/\/www.qhlingwang.com\/xinwen\/qinghai\/2020-04-22\/338260.html<\/a>.
[15]<\/strong> \u201c\u3010\u516c\u53f8\u8981\u95fb\u3011\u897f\u85cf\u536b\u89c6\u65b0\u95fb\u8054\u64ad\uff1a\u897f\u85cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u9996\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u827a\u7266\u725b\u5c60\u5bb0\u5382\u5728\u5f53\u96c4\u6295\u5165\u8bd5\u8fd0\u884c-\u897f\u85cf\u91d1\u878d\u79df\u8d41\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9 \u2018[Company News] Tibet Satellite TV News Network: The First Modern Craft Yak Slaughter Plant in Tibet Autonomous Region Puts into Trial Operation in Dangxiong,\u2019\u201d accessed August 19, 2020, http:\/\/www.tibetfl.com\/newsitem\/278430560<\/a>.
[16]<\/strong> \u201cTibetan Yak Meat Must Go through at Least Seven Quarantine Inspections to Control Quality_Tibet_Tibet Window of China,\u201d accessed August 19, 2020, https:\/\/www.chinatibet.net\/news\/tibet\/202004\/t20200422_21443.shtml<\/a>.
[17]<\/strong> \u5218\u5c0f\u5353, \u201cWinter in Tibet Is the Time for Making Meat Jerky \u2013 Chinadaily.Com.Cn,\u201d accessed August 20, 2020, http:\/\/global.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201801\/05\/WS5a4f54d9a31008cf16da55cc.html<\/a>.
[18]<\/strong> The figure for 583,800 yaks slaughtered in 2017 was calculated on the basis of a yak carcass in Tibet weighing 170 kg as per the data provided in Gerald Wiener, Han Jianlin, and Long Ruijun, \u201cMeat Production,\u201d in THE YAK, Second Edition (Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2003), http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ad347e\/ad347e00.htm#Contents<\/a>.
[19]<\/strong> Geoffrey Barstow, \u201cA Brief History of Vegetarianism in Tibet,\u201d in Food of Sinful Demons: Meat, Vegetarianism, and the Limits of Buddhism in Tibet: 31.
[20]<\/strong> This excerpt is quoted from Barstow, \u201cEpilogue: Contemporary Tibet.\u201d on page 32.
[21]<\/strong> For a brief biography of Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, see \u201cKhenpo Jigme Puntsok \u2013 The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters,\u201d April 29, 2015, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150429121653\/<\/a> http:\/\/www.treasuryoflives.org\/biographies\/view\/Khenpo-Jigme-Puntsok\/10457<\/a>.
[22]<\/strong> This excerpt is quoted from Gaerrang Kabzung, \u201cALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU: THE CASE OF THE SLAUGHTER RENUNCIATION MOVEMENT.\u201d : 122.
[23]<\/strong> Ga Errang, \u201cThe Case of the Disappearance of Tibetan Sheep from the Village of Charo in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan Pastoralists\u2019 Decisions, Economic Calculations, and Religious Beliefs,\u201d \u00c9tudes Mongoles et Sib\u00e9riennes, Centrasiatiques et Tib\u00e9taines, no. 50 (March 4, 2019): 12.
[24]<\/strong> \u201cTibetans Attack Slaughterhouse,\u201d Radio Free Asia, accessed August 18, 2020, https:\/\/www.rfa.org\/english\/news\/tibet\/attack-12012011141021.html<\/a>. Police Fire on Tibetan Villagers to Help Chinese Cattle Thieves, Two Are Serious,\u201d Tibetan Review (blog), April 3, 2016, https:\/\/www.tibetanreview.net\/police-fire-on-tibetan-villagers-to-help-chinese-cattle-thieves-two-are-serious\/<\/a>.
[25]<\/strong> \u201cSaving Yaks from Slaughter Criminalised by China | Free Tibet,\u201d accessed August 18, 2020, https:\/\/www.freetibet.org\/news-media\/na\/saving-yaks-slaughter-criminalised-china<\/a>.
[26]<\/strong> \u201cPraying and Lighting Butter-Lamps for Dalai Lama \u2018Illegal\u2019: New Regulations in Rebkong,\u201d April 14, 2015, https:\/\/savetibet.org\/praying-and-lighting-butter-lamps-for-dalai-lama-illegal-new-regulations-in-rebkong\/<\/a>.
[27]<\/strong> Human Rights Watch (Organization), ed., \u201cIllegal Organizations\u201d: China\u2019s Crackdown on Tibetan Social Groups (New York, New York: Human Rights Watch, 2018): 64.
[28]<\/strong> \u201cCrackdown on Underworld Forces,\u201d China Law Translate (China Law Translate, March 23, 2018), https:\/\/www.chinalawtranslate.com\/criminal-procedure-2\/\u626b\u9ed1\u9664\u6076\u4e13\u9879\u6597\u4e89\/<\/a>.
[29]<\/strong> \u201cTibetan Land Protesters Get Lengthy Jail Terms in Action Against Gansu Slaughterhouse,\u201d Radio Free Asia, accessed August 25, 2020, https:\/\/www.rfa.org\/english\/news\/tibet\/lengthy-07152020182018.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"