{"id":12265,"date":"2019-07-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-07-11T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/nieuws\/sinicization-poses-new-threats-to-the-survival-of-tibetan-buddhist-culture-and-values-in-tibet\/"},"modified":"2019-07-12T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2019-07-11T22:00:00","slug":"sinicization-poses-new-threats-to-the-survival-of-tibetan-buddhist-culture-and-values-in-tibet","status":"publish","type":"nieuws","link":"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/en\/news\/sinicization-poses-new-threats-to-the-survival-of-tibetan-buddhist-culture-and-values-in-tibet\/","title":{"rendered":"Sinicization poses new threats to the survival of Tibetan Buddhist culture and values in Tibet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom, being hosted by the State Department in Washington, DC from July 16 to 18, 2019, comes at a time when the International Campaign for Tibet has obtained information from sources inside Tibet about threats to the survival of Tibetan Buddhist culture and values at a time the Dalai Lama has described as \u201cthe darkest period\u201d in Tibetan history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One Tibetan\u2014whose name, like those of other Tibetans quoted in this report, has been left anonymous due to serious safety concerns\u2014said: \u201cOn the surface, what is happening looks like a chaotic imposition of communism on Tibetan Buddhism, but in fact this is actually a threat to the entire survival of Tibetans and Tibet.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The teachings, values and practices of <a href=\"https:\/\/savetibet.org\/why-tibet\/tibetan-buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tibetan Buddhism<\/a>, which are integral to Tibetan identity, are facing an unprecedented attack in Tibet\u2014a historically independent nation that China has <a href=\"https:\/\/savetibet.org\/honoring-60-years-of-nonviolent-struggle-by-the-tibetan-people-to-regain-their-rights-and-dignity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">occupied for the past 60 years<\/a>\u2014due to a five-year plan announced by China at the beginning of this year to \u201cSinicize\u201d Buddhism announced in January of this year.<span style=\"color: #c03100;\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/span> This is a more far-reaching effort than before to mold and shape Tibetan Buddhism to the dictates of the Chinese Communist Party. This new political direction is compounded by a regulatory framework that has already deepened religious oppression over the last decade and a dystopian system of high-tech surveillance and policing of monasteries and nunneries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-8262\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/savetibet.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/surveillance-pic-black-bar.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8262\"\/><figcaption><em>Images captured by surveillance cameras in a control room at Kirti monastery in Ngaba (Chinese: Aba), Sichuan (the Tibetan area of Amdo). Kirti has been a particular target by the authorities for total surveillance, as it is an important and influential religious institute also associated with the wave of self-immolations in Tibet since Kirti monk Tapey set himself on fire in February, 2009.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matteo Mecacci, president of the International Campaign for Tibet, said: \u201cThe five-year campaign to \u2018Sinicize,\u2019 Buddhism is a much more systematic imposition of Communist Party priorities than we have seen before, striking at the very core of a religious philosophy based on moral, compassionate values. Sinicization not only targets the trappings of religious practice, such as large teachings, but also represents a far-reaching intrusion into people\u2019s inner lives by a repressive government, contracting the space for genuine religious practice and freedom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIn China\u2019s official focus on the eradication of \u2018foreign\u2019 influence, there is also no doubt an intention to ensure Tibetans in Tibet are separated from the teachings and presence of their spiritual leader, <a href=\"https:\/\/savetibet.org\/why-tibet\/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Dalai Lama<\/a>, isolating them still further. It is time for all who believe in religious freedom and human rights to listen to Tibetans who have raised the alarm about this policy and to challenge Beijing directly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Observations by Tibetans from inside Tibet<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the dangers of expressing even moderate or mild critiques of Beijing\u2019s policies, some Tibetan scholars and religious practitioners are raising the alarm about the direction of China\u2019s policies and implementation and the impacts they\u2019re having on Tibetan lives. Below are views on the latest developments in Tibet from some highly educated Tibetans from different areas who are known to ICT but who cannot be identified in this report. They concur that rather than ensure future \u201cstability\u201d in the region, China\u2019s measures of \u201camputating\u201d and appropriating Tibetan Buddhism, a philosophical and religious tradition strongly based on moral values, increases the threat of instability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"bullet wp-block-list\"><li>One Tibetan scholar observed that while visitors can commonly experience a traditional welcome at religious sites, being greeted by \u201cwarm smiles and khatags [traditional greeting scarves,]\u201d once there is a deeper understanding of the stories of monks and nuns, it becomes clear that the reality is completely different. There has been a major decline in the number of monks and nuns, with some monasteries and nunneries virtually empty, according to the same source. The dwindling number of monks and nuns who remain face serious challenges in carrying out their religious practices.<\/li><li>In many monasteries and nunneries across the Tibetan Plateau , such as the major monasteries in Lhasa as well as Kirti Monastery in Ngaba (Chinese: Aba), the Tibetan area of Sichuan, high-tech surveillance has been installed, ensuring the watchful eye of the state on all religious activity. The scrutiny of the ever-present Chinese state, which can at any point lead to the removal of monks, along with torture and imprisonment for perceived misdemeanors or lack of compliance, is creating immense pressures on monastic life.<\/li><li>According to one Tibetan account: \u201cThe surveillance covers everything. For instance, any trace of financial transaction from monasteries in Tibet to [the] outside world, such as the exile Tibetan community and Dalai Lama, or exiled head lama of those monasteries in Tibet, the ages of monks, limitation of monastic population, movements of monks. Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are supposed to be the institutions which actively develop and train more talented people in religion and Buddhism, but now the situation has changed, and the talents that are being developed are those of \u2018patriotism,\u2019 which means reliable to the Party, and those who have made contributions to \u2018social stability\u2019 and work on behalf of Party government. On the surface, what is happening looks like a chaotic imposition of communism on Tibetan Buddhism, but in fact this is actually a threat to the entire survival of Tibetans and Tibet.\u201d<\/li><li>Another Tibetan source said the current political drive of \u201cSinicization\u201d is \u201cunbearable\u201d for monks and nuns. He said: \u201cThe \u2018Sinicization\u2019 policy emerges from the \u2018patriotic education\u2019 campaigns of the past decade, but re-programmed. It was crafted from official language and gives an additional impetus to the thousands of grassroots Party cadres operating now in Tibet. It is now much stronger and penetrates religious life more deeply, bringing immense difficulties for the religious community\u2014for instance the legal education exams that involve thousands of monks and nuns, and which involve study, and questions, and a whole process.\u201d<\/li><li>One of the Tibetans stated that according to these \u201ctough policies,\u201d \u201cevery single individual now on the official reincarnation database has to go through an entire political procedure, entirely separate to a religious training, in which they are advised about the need for their career and role in the religious community to motivate religious believers to love the Party, love the country and social stability maintenance work, as well as the fight against \u2018separatism\u2019 and Dalai Lama. This training is focused on manipulating them to be a bridge between the Party and religious community and believers. That means that now the Tibetan reincarnations are becoming Communist-trained talents rather than religious leaders. The government is manipulating the role of reincarnation for engaging religious believers and conveying the Party\u2019s ideology and propaganda to grassroots society. This is also creating a distance between reincarnate lamas and Buddhist believers as the Party is using them in this way. Also, the government is restricting the religious activities of those with reincarnate lama status who are not approved by the Chinese Communist Party.\u201d<\/li><li>Tibetan monasteries and nunneries have for centuries served also as centers of education and learning, with the great religious institutes having a comparable reputation to top universities such as Harvard, Yale, Cambridge or Oxford. Monks first enrolled to lay a foundation of theoretical knowledge about Buddhism, pursuing further studies in different monasteries, and many went on to participate in major philosophical debates and earned the higher (Geshe Lharampa) degree in Tibetan Buddhism. A Tibetan scholar observed that this traditional system was nurtured in order to educate religious personnel and preserve Tibetan Buddhist civilization\u2014but now the system has been \u201camputated,\u201d broken up and appropriated by the Chinese state. Monks are not allowed to travel freely between monasteries or on pilgrimage, and children are no longer allowed to study at monastic schools.<span style=\"color: #c03100;\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/span><\/li><li>While Communist Party work teams first began preventing young monks from joining monasteries in the mid-1990s, the level of enforcement has varied from monastery to monastery. According to ICT sources, efforts to compel young monks to join government-run secular schools is increasingly happening in Tibetan areas, including areas in Qinghai, and is of deep concern to Tibetans. A former monk from Labrang Monastery in Amdo explained why this is significant: \u201cIn Tibetan monasteries, young monks are raised to be protectors of their own culture and Buddhist values from a young age. And then when they grow up, they pass on their education to a young monk, so it goes full circle. I learned from older monks at my monastery, and when I was in my early thirties, I then taught the young monks, not only about the scriptures and studying, but also how to do their homework, how to behave, and how to do practical tasks such as fetching water and cleaning. When young monks are forced to leave the monasteries, this vital connection between generations is broken, and they will be subjected to Party propaganda from a young age.\u201d<\/li><li>Highly educated Tibetan monks who have graduated from major monasteries in exile in India have frequently been banned from rejoining their monasteries in Tibet or even attending teachings and lectures. \u201cThey feel hopeless and desperate, and it also means that Tibetans cannot benefit from their learning,\u201d said one Tibetan. Monks and nuns in Tibetan monasteries who have stayed now feel despair about the intrusions of rules and regulations and monastic management on their lives, which often leaves little time and opportunity for religious study.<\/li><li>The Chinese authorities have also taken over the higher-level training of a new generation of Tibetans at institutes including the Tibetan Buddhist College in Beijing, which was founded in 1987.<span style=\"color: #c03100;\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/span> The college was originally founded at the suggestion of the late 10th Panchen Lama, whose searing critique of the Party\u2019s policies against religion was known as the \u201870,000-character petition.\u2019 Although the 10th Panchen Lama\u2019s intentions were to sustain and develop authentic Tibetan Buddhism, the college is now under tight Party control and used simultaneously as a showcase for the religion and as a reminder that religious practice can only be carried out under the auspices of the Party. A Tibetan monk told ICT that now those monks ordained by Beijing are called \u2018Bei-rampa\u2019 by other monks. \u201cBei-rampa\u201d is a play on the Tibetan Buddhist degree of Lharampa, with \u201cBei\u201d most probably referring to \u201cBeijing.\u201d<\/li><li>In December 2018, TAR authorities launched a five-year training program for teachers of Tibetan Buddhism as part of an effort to better \u201cadapt Tibetan Buddhism to the socialist society.\u201d A Tibetan monk who has travelled to Tibet recently said: \u201cThere is no doubt that the government is more powerful than a religion and national laws are above religious rules. Religion and monks are always under law of the country as everything and everybody else. The religious communities are not struggling to turn upside down the government and burn Chinese constitution. They were pushed to the limit by the government misusing the power and law. It\u2019s actually the government that needs to set up the concept of equality as promised by Chinese law.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Developments concerning Tibetan Buddhism<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"bullet wp-block-list\"><li>China\u2019s \u201cSinicization\u201d of religion is consistent with its intensified efforts to attack the Dalai Lama and twist Tibetan Buddhism into conformity with Chinese Communist Party doctrines. Controlling the reincarnation of Tibetan lamas\u2014with a government-run \u2018reincarnate lama database\u2019 specifying only officially recognized lamas\u2014is an integral element, leading to disturbing impacts described below.<\/li><li>In Tibet, religious practice is viewed by authorities as \u201cseparatism\u201d and deliberately conflated with threats to China\u2019s security, creating a more dangerous political environment for monks, nuns, and lay Buddhists and isolating them further from their counterparts outside China. This was underlined at a meeting last month in in the Tibetan capital of Lhasa by Wu Yingjie, the Communist Party boss of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), an administrative region representing about half of traditional Tibet. Wu Yingjie positioned Chinese authorities on the frontline of a political struggle against peaceful practitioners and moral values when he said: \u201cWe should also be aware that there are still many difficulties and problems in the management of Buddhist monasteries in the TAR\u2026The ongoing severe challenge of the anti-separatism struggle remains grim and complicated.\u201d<span style=\"color: #c03100;\"><sup>[4]<\/sup> <\/span>Chinese authorities\u2019 answer to this challenge is to strengthen their control still further and to seek to compel allegiance to the Communist Party. The mention of \u201cdifficulties and problems\u201d is likely to be an acknowledgement of the continued influence of the Dalai Lama despite China\u2019s many efforts to demonize and sideline him.<\/li><li>With the same objective, authorities have stepped up a drive to force Tibetans to display images of Chinese President Xi Jinping and other leaders in their homes and even to wear these images. At the same meeting in Lhasa on June 28, Wu Yingjie said: \u201cWe should educate monks and nuns and religious believers to respect and love party leaders\u2026wear Party leaders\u2019 images, consciously listen to the Party and follow the Party forever. Party members and cadres stationed in Buddhist monasteries must always bear in mind the identity of Party members and the purpose of their beliefs, and must be Marxist atheists without a single other faith.\u201d<span style=\"color: #c03100;\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/span> New housing in one area of eastern Tibet came already equipped with small altars\u2014not with Buddhist icons, but with images of Communist Party leaders.<span style=\"color: #c03100;\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/span> A Tibetan source told ICT: \u201cSome poor families hang the image of the Party leaders on their living walls otherwise the government subsidies will be cut if seen by any officials or villager leaders.\u201d<\/li><li>In recent weeks, a new phase of thousands of expulsions of nuns and monks has begun at the well-known religious institute of Yachen Gar in eastern Tibet, with reports that those evicted are now being subjected to \u201cpolitical re-education,\u201d most likely in detention in extra-legal facilities where there is a high risk of torture. The demolitions and expulsions at Yachen Gar, which follow similarly ruthless actions at the Larung Gar institute in Sichuan, involve increasingly aggressive measures to curb and manage the growing influence and number of monks and nuns\u2014both Chinese and Tibetan\u2014at these important monastic centers of study and Buddhist ethics in eastern Tibet, the largest such institutes in the world.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recommendations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Chinese government has signed but not ratified the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on international human rights standards, ICT makes the following recommendations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To the international community:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"bullet wp-block-list\"><li>Take a public position on the right of the Tibetan Buddhist community to practice their faith, including on the issue of recognition, installment and education of reincarnations, according to the traditional Tibetan process without any Chinese governmental interference;<\/li><li>Urge the Chinese government to ratify the ICCPR and to provide a concrete timeline for the ratification<\/li><li>Urge the Chinese government to fully revise religious affairs regulations and bring them in conformity with Article 18 of ICCPR and international human rights standards<\/li><li>Urge the Chinese government to refrain from using broad and vague language such as \u201cNational Security\u201d, \u201cterrorism\u201d or \u201creligious extremism\u201d as a pretext for wide ranging interventions into Tibetan Buddhist life<\/li><li>Use international fora, such as the United Nations Human Rights Council and the Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom, to publicly address the restrictions of freedom of religion with regard to Tibetan Buddhists<\/li><li>Use bilateral dialogues with China to address the restrictions of freedom of religion in China<\/li><li>Seek close consultation with the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Buddhist leaders living in exile on the status of religious freedom in Tibet.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>For the Chinese government:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"bullet wp-block-list\"><li>Ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); provide a concrete timeline for the ratification process<\/li><li>Refrain from appointing or approving religious personnel, in accordance with the 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly and Human Rights Committee general comment 22, para. 4<\/li><li>Refrain from using broad and vague language such as \u201cstate security,\u201d \u201creligious extremism\u201d and \u201cterrorism\u201d as a pretext for swift interventions in religious activities, groups, practitioners or religious professionals, in accordance with Human Rights Committee general comment 22, para. 8, ICCPR, Article 18, para 3, CRC, Article 14, para. 3, Commission on Human Rights resolution 2005\/40, para. 12 and Human Rights Council resolution 6\/37, para. 14<\/li><li>Refrain from applying censorship to Buddhist literature or related information disseminated in publications or via the internet, in accordance with 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Commission on Human Rights resolution 2005\/40 (paragraph 4 (d)) and Human Rights Council resolution 6\/37 (paragraph 9 (g)), Human Rights Committee general comment 22, para. 4<\/li><li>Refrain from requiring approval, oversight and management of religious affairs, in accordance with Article 18 ICCPR<\/li><li>Refrain from penalizing Tibetan Buddhist pilgrimage abroad, in accordance with Article 12 ICCPR.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"footnote wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Footnotes:<br>[1]<\/strong> China passes five-year plan to sinicise Islam, as Beijing tightens grip on major faiths in China, January 9, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/asia\/east-asia\/china-passes-five-year-plan-to-sinicise-islam-as-beijing-tightens-grip-on-major\">https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/asia\/east-asia\/china-passes-five-year-plan-to-sinicise-islam-as-beijing-tightens-grip-on-major<\/a><br><strong>[2]<\/strong> International Campaign for Tibet report, \u2018China forces young Tibetan monks out of monastery into government-run schools as part of drive to replace monastic education with political propaganda\u2019, July 12, 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/savetibet.org\/china-forces-young-tibetan-monks-out-of-monastery-into-government-run-schools-as-part-of-drive-to-replace-monastic-education-with-political-propaganda\/\">https:\/\/savetibet.org\/china-forces-young-tibetan-monks-out-of-monastery-into-government-run-schools-as-part-of-drive-to-replace-monastic-education-with-political-propaganda\/<\/a><br><strong>[3]<\/strong> The Chinese authorities began to initiate their own version of the Geshe Lharampa qualification in 2004, although the official media acknowledges that the history of Lharampa \u201cgoes back 400 years.\u201d Some 105 monks in the Tibet Autonomous Region have been awarded the Chinese-administered version of the degree since 2004, according to official sources.<br><strong>[4]<\/strong> Wu Yingjie was addressing a \u201cmonastic management work forum\u201d held in Lhasa on June 28, 2019. It was covered in the Chinese language media, China Tibet News online, on July 1, 2019, <a href=\"http:\/\/epaper.chinatibetnews.com\/xzrb\/html\/2019-07\/01\/content_897485.htm\">http:\/\/epaper.chinatibetnews.com\/xzrb\/html\/2019-07\/01\/content_897485.htm<\/a><br><strong>[5]<\/strong> Ibid.<br><strong>[6]<\/strong> International Campaign for Tibet report, \u2018Tibetans ordered to prostrate to pictures of Chinese President as Tibet leaders prioritize anti-Dalai Lama stance\u2019, January 15, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/savetibet.org\/tibetans-ordered-to-prostrate-to-pictures-of-chinese-president-as-tibet-leaders-prioritize-anti-dalai-lama-stance\/\">https:\/\/savetibet.org\/tibetans-ordered-to-prostrate-to-pictures-of-chinese-president-as-tibet-leaders-prioritize-anti-dalai-lama-stance\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ahead of the second Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom hosted by the US State Department in Washington, DC from July 16 to 18, 2019, the International Campaign for Tibet has obtained information from sources inside Tibet about threats to the survival of Tibetan Buddhist culture and values at a time the Dalai Lama has described as \u201cthe darkest period\u201d in Tibetan history.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":12266,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categorie":[45,691],"news_tag":[670],"class_list":["post-12265","nieuws","type-nieuws","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","categorie-inside-tibet","categorie-news","news_tag-culture-and-religion"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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